《国富论》 国民财富的性质和原因的研究
《国富论》 国民财富的性质和原因的研究
qf_luck《国富论》英文原版内容详解
一、著作基本信息
书名:An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (国民财富的性质和原因的研究)
作者:Adam Smith (亚当·斯密,1723-1790)
出版时间:1776年3月9日(美国《独立宣言》同年发表)
历史地位:现代经济学开山之作,奠定了自由市场经济理论基础
二、全书架构
《国富论》共五卷(books),包含31章(chapters),结构严密,层层递进:
| 卷数 | 标题 | 核心内容 | 章节数 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第一卷 | Of the Causes of Improvement in the productive Powers of Labour, and of the Order According to Which Its Produce Is Naturally Distributed Among the Different Ranks of the People | 劳动生产力增进原因与财富分配 | 11章 |
| 第二卷 | Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock | 资本性质、积累与使用 | 5章 |
| 第三卷 | Of the Different Progress of Opulence in Different Nations | 各国财富发展不同路径 | 4章 |
| 第四卷 | Of Systems of Political Economy | 政治经济学体系批判 | 9章 |
| 第五卷 | Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth | 国家财政与税收 | 3章 |
三、第一卷:劳动生产力与财富分配
1. 分工理论(全书基石)
核心观点:
“The greatest improvements in the productive powers of labour… seem to have been the effects of the division of labour.” (劳动生产力最大进步源于分工)
制针厂经典案例:分工使效率提升240倍(从每人每天20针到48,000针)
分工三大优势:
- 工人熟练度提升(practice makes perfect)
- 减少工种转换时间(no more tool switching)
- 促进机械发明(specialization leads to innovation)
分工限制:
- “The division of labour is limited by the extent of the market.” (分工受市场范围限制)
- 农村市场小→分工粗;城市市场大→分工细;国际贸易→全球分工深化
2. 货币与价值理论
货币起源:
- 解决物物交换不便,”a commodity which serves as a common measure of value” (充当通用价值尺度的商品)
价值悖论:
- “Water is of the greatest use… but will purchase scarce anything… A diamond, on the contrary… has scarce any use-value; but a very great quantity of other goods may frequently be had in exchange for it.” (水用途极大但几乎不能购买任何东西;钻石几乎无用却可交换大量商品)
劳动价值论:
- “Labour is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities.” (劳动是衡量一切商品交换价值的真实尺度)
- 商品价值取决于生产所耗劳动量,与劳动生产率成反比
3. 收入分配理论(三大阶级)
社会三大阶级与收入来源:
| 阶级 | 收入形式 | 性质 | 决定因素 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 工人(Working Class) | 工资(Wages) | 劳动报酬 | 劳动力供需比例;生存必需 |
| 资本家(Capitalist Class) | 利润(Profit) | 资本回报 | 投资风险;资本竞争 |
| 地主(Landlord Class) | 地租(Rent) | 土地使用权报酬 | 土地稀缺性;农产品价格 |
- 工资铁律:”The wages of labour must at least be sufficient to maintain the labourer.” (工资至少须维持劳动者生存)
原文金句:
“In the progress of society, the price of every commodity comes ultimately to be resolved into some one or other, or all of those three parts: wages, profit, and rent.” (社会进步中,每样商品价格最终分解为工资、利润和地租三部分)
四、第二卷:资本理论
1. 资本性质与分类
资财三大分类:
- 消费资财:直接满足生活需要,不产生收入(如食品)
- 固定资本:不需流通即可提供收入(如厂房、机器、技能)
- 流动资本:通过流通产生收入(如原材料、库存、货币)
2. 资本积累与生产性劳动
资本积累源泉:
- “Capitals are increased by parsimony, not by industry.” (资本增加源于节俭而非勤劳)
生产性vs非生产性劳动:
- 生产性劳动(如制造业):创造价值,增加社会财富
- 非生产性劳动(如家仆):仅消耗财富,不创造新价值
资本四大用途(按社会贡献排序):
- 农业(最大社会效益)→ 2. 制造业 → 3. 国内贸易 → 4. 国际贸易
五、第三卷:各国财富发展路径
财富的”自然发展顺序”
理想路径:
“农业 → 制造业 → 国内贸易 → 国际贸易”
欧洲实际路径(”反自然的退程”):
“商业 → 制造业 → 农业”
城乡关系:
“The more numerous the inhabitants of a city, and the greater their income, the more extensive is the market for the surplus produce of the countryside.” (城市人口越多,收入越大,农村剩余产品市场越广阔)
六、第四卷:政治经济学体系批判
1. 重商主义批判
核心错误:
- 认为财富即金银积累,主张贸易保护、限制进口、鼓励出口
斯密反驳:
- “A nation that has wherewithal to buy gold and silver will never be long in want of those metals.” (有财力购买金银的国家绝不会长期缺乏它们)
- 贸易互利性不取决于顺差逆差,而在于资源优化配置
原文金句:
“Though the freedom of trade between Britain and France might result in a balance favorable to France, it by no means follows that such trade would be disadvantageous to Britain.” (英法自由贸易即使对法国有利,也不意味着对英国不利)
2. 重农主义评价
肯定点:
- 将土地产物视为财富来源的见解合理
批评点:
- 将工商业视为”不生产阶级”的观点片面
3. “看不见的手”理论(核心思想)
原文出处:
“Every individual… neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it… he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.” (个人追求私利时,被一只看不见的手引导促进社会利益)
理论内涵:
- 市场机制自发调节供需,实现资源最优配置
- 价格机制:短缺→价格↑→利润↑→生产↑→短缺消除
七、第五卷:国家收入与财政
1. 政府三大职能(有限政府理论)
- 国防:保护社会免受外来侵犯
- 司法:设立公正机关,保护个人权利
- 公共工程与服务:建设道路、桥梁、教育等基础设施
2. 税收四大原则
| 原则 | 英文表述 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| 公平(Equity) | The subjects of every state ought to contribute to the support of the government… in proportion to their respective abilities. | 按能力纳税,富人多缴 |
| 确定(Certainty) | The tax each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain, and not arbitrary. | 税额明确,不可随意变更 |
| 便利(Convenience) | Taxes ought to be levied at the time or in the manner which is most convenient for the contributor. | 纳税时间、方式方便纳税人 |
| 经济(Economy) | The cost of collection should be as low as possible. | 征收成本最小化,减少额外负担 |
八、核心理论对比表
| 理论 | 原文表述 | 现代解读 |
|---|---|---|
| 分工理论 | Division of labour is the key to productivity | 专业化提升效率,全球化分工基础 |
| 无形之手 | Guided by an invisible hand to promote social interest | 市场自调节机制,价格信号引导资源配置 |
| 劳动价值论 | Labour is the real measure of value | 商品价值源于生产劳动,区别于重商主义”金银即财富” |
| 自由贸易 | Unrestricted trade benefits both nations | 比较优势理论前身,反对贸易保护 |
| 有限政府 | Sovereign has only three duties | 政府角色限于国防、司法和公共服务,减少经济干预 |
九、现代经济学影响
学科奠基:确立经济学作为独立学科的地位
理论传承:
- 大卫·李嘉图发展比较优势理论
- 马尔萨斯提出人口理论
- 马克思批判继承劳动价值论
- 凯恩斯借鉴国家干预思想
政策影响:
- 推动英国等国废除《谷物法》,走向自由贸易
- 现代市场经济体制理论基础
- WTO等国际贸易组织理论源头
十、原文金句精选
“It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.” (我们每天所需食物饮料,并非来自屠夫、酿酒师或面包师的恩惠,而是出于他们自利的打算)
“The real price of everything… is the toil and trouble of acquiring it.” (万物真实价格是获取它所需的辛劳与麻烦)
“What is prudence in the conduct of every private family can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom.” (治家之道,治国亦然)
结语
《国富论》以严密逻辑和深刻洞见,系统阐述了市场经济运行规律,将经济学从零散观察升华为科学体系。斯密不仅批判了重商主义的金银财富观,更开创性地提出分工、无形之手等理论,奠定了现代经济学基石。这部1776年的著作至今仍闪烁智慧光芒,为理解市场经济提供了永恒视角。
延伸阅读建议:
- 对照阅读《道德情操论》,理解斯密”自利”与”同情”双重人性观
- 关注现代经济学对斯密理论的发展与修正
- 结合当代全球化与贸易争端,重新思考自由贸易理论的现实意义

